@qmL a@p~k;` ...
@mrt @qmL pYX~ny vQs[Wm @mwrm| kl~gw vW a#w~@w~ pYX~ny a#wQ kLvRn~ m e~ vQs[Wm s[h` InQy` upk`r kQrWmt iqQrQpw~ vW a#wQ b#vQNQ. @qmL pYX~ny mRlQkvm a#wQ k@L~ ln~@q~sWhR h` iAgQrQsQhR y. e~ pQLQb[ ap @b`@h`~vQt lQy` a#wQ b#vQn~ n#vww~ s[hn~ kQrWm anvX&y. ovRn~t amwrv vQX~vvQq&`lvl h` r`j& @n`vn a`ywnvl @s~vy krn ovRn~@g~ @g`~l b`l@y`~ wm s~v`mQvr#n~@g~ InQy` pYv`q @y`q` gnQmQn~ InQy` pYX~ny vQs[Wmt shy pL krwQ. r`j& @n`vn a`ywn ynR@vn~ aq h#[Qn~@vn~@n~ kOLMn smQwQ, mrN`{`r smQwQ, q`yk sx` a`qQy @n`v bthQryn~ vQsQn~ ndw~wO @k@rn bthQryn~ vQsQn~ @m@hyvn smQwQ sm`gm| y.
r`j& @n`vn sAvQ{`n ynR bthQr ytw~vQjQwv`q@y~ nvwm e~jn~w a`ywn @vyQ. bthQr ytw~ vQjQwv`qy @h`~ bthQr nRwnw~vy @h`~ avsn~ vR@y~ n#w. e~ qQgQn~ qQgtm sQyvs~ phk~ wQs~@s~ gl` yyQ. ap @m@hy vR sRqE e~jn~wyn~ a`psR @g`s~ qXk kQhQpyk~ a#v$@mn~ bthQr@y`~ r`j& @n`vn a`ywn mgQn~ nv kU e~jn~wyn~ pw~ kLh. ovRn~ pw~ kr a#w~@w~ sRq~qn~@g~ mwv`qy a`rk;` kQrWmt h` whvRr# kQrWmty. @mhQqW yhpw~ r`j& @n`vn sAvQ{`n nmQn~ a`ywn n#w. bthQryn~ InQy` yhpw~ r`j& @n`vn sAvQ{`n pvw~v`@gn yn~@n~m ovRn~t sRpRr#qE a`kryt InQy` m{&s~} pYwQpw~wQyk~ anRgmny krn bv @pn~vWmty. @m| InQy` yhpw~ a`ywnvlQn~ jnw`vt kl~ pvwQn sRb s`{nyk~ @h`~ sQqE @n`@k@ryQ. emgQn~ @k@rn~@n~ ek~ p#w~wkQn~ r`j& @n`vn sAvQ{`n g#n vQX~v`syk~ a#wQ kQrWmy. a@nk~ p#w~@wn~ b#tUhm| @p`rv`gw~ a#w#m|hR xQk;RRn~vhn~@s~t vQr#q~{v awn @mwn ksRkOsR g`wQ. emgQn~ xQk;Rn~ vhn~@s~ g#n jnw`vt v#rFqQ cQwYyk~ mv`qWmt uw~s`h krwQ.
bthQr InQy` sm`j vQq&`Zyn~t anRv j`wQy ynR@vn~ ymk~ @n`pvwQyQ. e@hw~ ovRhR j`wQy g#n kw` krwQ. ovRhR ymkO sQAhl vn~@n~ @k@s~q? yn bhRbRw pYX~ny aswQ. y@mkO@g~ j`wQy wWrNy krn nQr\N`yk kv@r\q#yQ aswQ. a`nm`U @k@sl~ @gdQyk~, a#BRl~ @k@sl~ @gdQykQn~ @vn~ kr h[En`gn~@n~ @k@s~q#yQ bthQr uq~xQq vQq&`Z@y`~ qnQwQ. e@hw~ bthQr sm`j vQq&`Z@y`~ sQAhlykO iAgQrQsQk`rykO@gn~ @vn~ kr gn~@n~ @k@s~q#yQ @n`qnQwQ. ev#nQ sm`j vQq&`vk~ g#n kQv h#k~@k~ kOmk~q? sQAhlykO vn~@n~ @k@s~q? yn~n pQLQb[v mh` q`r\XnQk s`kc|C`vk~ @p~r`@qNQ@yn~ bQhQvR qWp~wQmw~ pVQvr#n~ y#yQ kQy#@vn nQv|tn~ gONsQAh h` c`l~s~ a@b|@s~kr mhw~vr#n~ awr sQqEvQNQ y#yQ wvw~ ev#nQ m qWp~wQmw~ vQq~vwkO y#yQ kQy#@vn myQkl~ @r`btQs~ mhw` s[hn~ kr a#w. @mhQ a#w~@w~ g#BRr# qr\Xnyk~ @n`v bthQr sm`j vQq&`@vhQ bA@k`@L`w~ bv y. bthQr @x_wQk vQq&`v psRps @n`N~dQ gsn bthQr sm`j vQq&`v j`wQy, sAs~k^wQy a`qQy nQr\N`yny kQrWm s[h` InQy` v`s~wvQk nQr\N`yk @s`yyQ. ovRn~t hmRvn ekm InQy` v`s~wvQk nQr\N`yky j`wQk r`j&yk pRrv#sQykO vWmy. rtk pRrv#sQyn~ kvRr#q#yQ e~ r@tQ ym| k`r\y`lykQn~ q#ngw h#kQy. InQy` sm`j vQq&`Zyn~ qn~n` v`s~wvQk nQr\N`yky @m| k`r\y`l shwQky (@k`l k$l~ly) emgQn~ pRq~glykO@g~ j`wQy kOmk~q#yQ wWrNy kL q sAs~k^wQy kOmk~ q#yQ wWrNy kL @n`h#kQy. a@n~ @m@hm sm`j vQq&`vk~ @k@sl~ @gdQ vr\gWkrNy kQrWmt asmw~ uq~xQq vQq&`vk~ @v| nm| e~ kOmktq? pRq~glykO@g~ j`wQy sAs~k^wQy h[En` gw @n`h#kQ sm`j vQq&`vk~ @m`n @k@hl~ mlktq? InQy` v`s~wvQkw~vyk~ g#n vQX~v`s krn k~@v`n~tm| @x_wQkytw~ p#v#w~m h` n&`y pQLQb[ pYX~n a#wQ kL sm`j vQq&`Zyn~@g~ v`s~wvQkw~vy g#n kQynRv kv@r\q? lAk`@v| k~@v`n~tm| @x_wQky g#n kw` krn ksQkbl~ m`k~s~v`qWn~t @h`~ pX~c`w~ nRwnv`qWn~t @h`~ hQl~btQ avk`Xy yn~n InQy` m`{& avk`X@yn~ @vn~ kr g#nWmt @n`h#kQy.
bthQr sm`j vQq&`Zyn~ h` ovRn~@g~ lAk`@v| sQtQn @g`~l b`lyn~ qr\XnQk s`kc|C` y#yQkQyn vQhQU whU @k@s~ @vww~ @m| r@tQ @qmL nmQn~ jnvr\gyk~ @vyQ. a#w#m| vQt @m| sm`j vQq&`Zyn~ ksQkbl~ m`k~s~v`qy psRps @g`s~ j`wQy pQLQb[ vQZ`ny v&`j vQZ`nyk~ y#yQ kWmt id a#w. e@s~w~ n#w@h`w~ al~wOsr\@g~
sAkl~pyk~ anRv j`wQy a{QnQX~cy vW (o|vr\dQtr\mQn~d|) a#w#yQ kQynR a#w. ovRn~t anRv pAwQ vQZ`ny y}`r\}v`qWy. apt nm| s$m vQZ`nyk~ m s$m sAkl~pyk~ m @b`r#vkQ. e@hw~ sm|mRwQ vX@yn~ pvw~n` ym| ym| q$ @vyQ. j`wQy q ev#nQ sm|mRwQykQ. e@hw~ pAwQy yn~n sm|mRwQyk~vw~ @n`@v|. rwO kmQs h#[gw~ nWwQZyn~, @@vq&vr#n~ vQX~vvQq&`l a`c`r\yvr#n~ kQhQp@qnkO kQsQm h#MWmk~ @n`m#wQv km|kr# pAwQyk~ g#n kw` kL q km|kr#@v`~ wmn~ km|kr# pAwQykt ayw~vWmk~ g#n sQhQ@nn~vw~ @n`sQwwQ. e@hw~ e~ km|kr#@v`~ wmn~ sQAhl j`wQyt ayw~y yn vQZ`n@yn~ psR@vwQ. a@nk~ awr a{QnQX~cy yn~@nn~q kQy#@vn~@n~ bthQr sm`j vQq&`@vhQ bA@k`@L`w~ bvy. bthQr @x_wQk vQq&`ZykO kQsQ qQ@nk vQq&Rw~ cRm|bk @k;~wYy gOr#w~v`kr\;N @k;wYyt s`@p~k;v @h`~ n#wQv @h`~ a{QnQX~cy vW a#w#yQ @n`kQynR a#w. epmNk~ @n`@vyQ. o|vr\dQtr\mQn~d| yn~n a{QnQX~cy @ls prQvr\wny kQrWm q v#rFqQy. eyQn~ @pn~nRm| krn~@n~ sQAh@ln~ @m| ksQkbl~ sAkl~p g#n lQyn~nvRn~@g~ iAgQrQsQ q#nR@mhQ sQAhl q#nR@mhQ h` vQ;y q#nR@mhQ adRv mQs a@nkk~ @n`@vyQ. aq lAk`@v| v&`j ugwOn~ a{QnQX~cy yn~n a{QvQnQX~cy yn ar#wQn~ q @y`q` g#nW@mn~ ptl#vWm wvw~ v#dQ vW a#w. @qmL jnvr\gyk~ n#w#yQ kQyn @m| bhRbRwyn~ @n`qn~n` @qmLt @g`s~ vrQ@g ns`@gn a#w. 
lAk`@v| @qmL jnvr\gyk~ @vyQ. @m| jnvr\gyt a@p~k;` wQbW a#w. q#ntw~ a@p~k;` @vyQ. e@hw~ ovRn~t @qmL vWm nQs` m pmNk~ vR pYX~nyk~ n#w. a#w#yQ kQyn pYX~nvlt @qn vQs[Em|vlQn~ psRvw~ @qmL pYX~ny @n`vQs[W@mn~ @pn~nRm| @k@rn~@n~ ev#nQ pYX~nyk~ n#wQ bvy. @b`r#vt nQq`@gn sQtQn~nkO avqQ kQrWmt @n`h#kQy. @qmL jny`@g~ a@p~k;`vl vQk`Xyk~ @vyQ. pLmR a@p~k;`v vR@y~ @qmL jny`@g~ n`yk pvRl~ kQhQpykty. kOm`rs~v`mQ : @p`n~nm|blm| pvRl pY{`n @k`tgw~ @m| pvRl~vlt wQbR@N~ ev#nQ sQAhl pvRl~ kQhQpyk~ axQbv` lAk`@v| m n`ykw~vyt pw~vW@m| a@p~k;`vy. @m| a@p~k;`v avRr#qE @qsWyk~ pmN p#rNQy. ey adRm wrmQn~ v&vs~}`q`yk mN~dlyt nQl @n`lw~ mn~wYWn~ pw~krgw~ qQny qk~v` qQv yyQ. 1947 qW pLmR p`r\lQ@m|n~wOv pw~kr gn~n`wOr#m @m| a@p~k;`v vQy. e@hw~ eyt pLmRv sWmQw Cn~q blyk~ l#bRNR 1912 n~ psRv @m| a@p~k;`v hWnvWmt ptn~@gn wQbRNQ. 1931 qW l#bRNR sr\vjn Cn~qyw~ smg e~ wvw~ hWnvWmt vQy. @qmL jny`t vR InQy` as`{`rN @ls kl eLQb#s~@s~ @m| a@p~k;`v itR kr g#nWmt @n`h#kQ vWmy.
mRU lAk`@v| m n`ykw~vyt @qmL n`ykyn~ pw~ kr g#nWm pQLQb[ a@p~k;`v bQrQw`nQ a`N~dRk`ryn~ vQsQn~ a#wQkr @p`~;Ny krn lq~qkQ. bQrQw`nQn~ a#wOU bthQryn~@g~ a@p~k;`v bthQr yR@qv| kQYs~wQy`nQ sAs~k^wQy h#@rn~nt a@nk~ sAs~k^wWn~ h#kQnm| @l`~k@yn~ awOg` q#mWm y. b#rQnm| a@nk~ sAs~k^wWn~ qEr\vl kQrWmy. lAk`@v|qW ovRn~t avX& mRlQk vX@yn~ sQAhl @b_q~{ sAs~k^wQy v#nsWmy. ehQqW ovRhR @qmL jny` @mn~ m mRs~lQm| jny` q sQAhlyn~t vQr#q~{v @y`q` g#nWmt uw~s`h krwQ. lAk`@v| n`ykw~vyt kOm`rs~v`mQ @p`n~nm|blm| pvR@ln~ pRq~glyn~ pw~ kQrWm bQrQw`nWn~@g~ a@p~k;`v vQy. bQrQw`nWn~ nyQtQ (XWYmw~ : sr\) pqvQyt pw~ kL pLmR a`sQy`wQky` vR@y~ mRwO kOm`rs~v`mQ mhw`y. pLmR l`AkQk sQvQl~ @s~vky` vR@y~ @p`n~nm|blm| r`mn`qn~ mhw`y. pLmR l`AkQk nWwQpwQvry` @p`n~nm|blm| ar#n`Xlm| mhw` y.
e@hw~ sQAhlyn~ bhRwryk~ sQtQn rtk @qmL n`ykyn~t sQAhl n`ykyn~ axQbv` y$m aphsR vQy. vQ@X~;@yn~ m 1931 sr\vjn Cn~qy l#bW@mn~ psRv e~ kL @n`h#kQ vQy. evQt @qmL n`ykyn~ k@L~ r`j& mn~wYN sx`@v| sQAhl mn~wWYvr#n~ bhRwry vWm v#L#k~vWmt ktyRwO kQrWmy. jW. jW. @p`n~nm|blm| (klQn~ kQyn lq pvRlt ayw~ n#w) mhw` wm kOpYsQq~{ pnht pnh il~lWm iqQrQpw~ k@L~ e~ armR@Nn~y. e@hw~ @m| n`ykw~v a@p~k;`vt in~psR ewrm| a`yR; @n`vWy. 1947 m#wQvrN@yn~ psRv pLmR a@p~k;`v n#w~wtm n#wQ vQy. e~ bv av@b`~{ krgw~ pLmR @qmL n`yky` vR@y~ @cl~vn`ygm| mhw` y. sr\vjn Cn~q@yn~ m{&@yhQ a`{Qpw&y lb` g#nWm sQhQnyk~ pmNk~ bv ohR av@b`~{ kr gw~@w~y. in~psR @qmL jny`, enm| ovRn~@g~ n`yk@y`~ wm a@p~k;`v @vns~ kLh. m{&@yhQ n`ykw~vyt pw~vWmt @n`h#kQ bv qEtR @cl~vn`ygm| mhw` uwOr# h` n#@gnhQr pL`w~ @vn~ kr @vnm r`j&yk~ pQhQtRv` ehQ n`ykw~vyt pw~vWmt a@p~k;` @k@L~y. @vnm r`j&yk~ pQhQtRvWm @qmL jny`@g~ (n`ykyn~@g~) @qv#nQ a@p~k;`v vQy.
. @p`n~nm|blm| r`mn`qn~ mhw` @qmL jnw`v nQ@y`~jny kQrWmt v&vs~}`q`yk mN~dlyt pw~@kr#NR bv s#b$ y. e@hw~ e~ mhw` @qmL jnw`v@g~ n`yky` @ls pmNk~ @n`v mRUmhw~ l`AkQkyn~@g~ m n`yky` @ls slknR l#bQNQ.
sWmQw Cn~qyk~ l#bW iAgQrQsQ ugwOn~ h` @q~@p`L hQmQyn~ ugw~ l`AkQkyn~ @vnR@vn~ v&vs~}`q`yk mN~dlyt mn~wYWvrykO @w`~r`gnR l#bR avs~}`@v|qW @p`n~nm|blm| r`mn`qn~ mhw` m`r\ks~ pYn`n~qE mhw` prqv` jy gw~@w~ y. e~ Cn~q@yhQ qW kOl@x~qy blp$ bv kQy#@vyQ. kr`v kOlyt ayw~ m`r\ks~ pYn`n~qE mhw` p#rqvWmt @g`yQgm kOlyt ayw~ y#yQ kQyn @j~. a`r\. jyvr\{n mhw`@g~ pQy` @vl~l`l kOl@y~ r`mn`qn~ mhw`t a`{`r k@L~ y#yQ kQynR l#@b|.
e~ kOmk~ vRvw~ e~ vkv`nR@vhQ qW @p`n~nm|blm| mhw`@g~ pvRl @mrt sm`j@yhQ ihL w#nk~ @hbvWy. @p`n~nm|blm| r`mn`qn~ mhw`@g~ @s`@h`yRr# @p`n~nm|blm| ar#N`clm| mhw` j`wQk sAgm@y~ sx`pwQvry` @ls pw~krgnR l#bQNQ. ekl pQhQtRv`@gn wQbR iAgQrQsQ @b_q~{ p`sl~vl w&`g pYq`@n`~w~svvltq @m| mhw~vr#n~t a`r`{n` krnR l#bQNQ. ugw~ sQAhlyn~ awr vQ@X~;@yn~ m iAgQrQsQ ugw~ sQAhlyn~ awr @p`n~nm|blm| s@h`~qrvr# @q~Xp`ln n`ykw~vyt pw~ vW sQtQ bv p#h#qQlQy.
1915 sQAhl mRs~lQm| g#tR@m|qW iAgQQrQsWn~ vQsQn~ sQAhl n`ykyn~ mr\qny krnR l#bR avs~}`vhQqW eAgln~wyt @g`s~ sQAhl n`ykyn~ @vnR@vn~ @pnW sQtQ@y~ @p`n~nm|blm| r`mn`qn~ mhw` y. e~ mhw` a`psR lAk`vt p#mQNQ avs~}`@v|qW sQAhl n`ykyn~ e~ mhw` rQk~@;`~vk hQ[Ev` wOmR m e~ a#q@gn gQyh. @myQn~ p#h#qQlQ vn~@n~ r`mn`qn~ mhw` yRk~wQy itRkrmQn~ sQAhl n`ykyn~ q @vnR@vn~ @pnW sQtQ bv @n` @vyQ. e~ mhw` ekl mRU lAk`@vhQ m ugw~ jny`@g~ h` @q~pL hQmQyn~@g~ n`yky` vQy.
@m| ww~w~vy n#wQvn~nt ptn~gw~@w~ @qmL n`ykyn~ bs~n`hQr pL`@w~ @qmL jny` s[h` v&vs~}`q`yk mN~dl@yhQ @vn m a`snyk~ il~l` sQtQ avs~}`@vhQ y. @b`@h`~ sQAhl n`ykyn~@g~ a#s~ a#r#@N~ e~ avs~}`@vhQqW y. in~psR qQgQn~ qQgtm v&vs~}`q`yk mN~dl@y~w~ 1931 n~ psRv r`j& mn~wYN sx`@vhQw~ @qmL n`ykyn~t avX& vR@y~ @qmL a`sn sAK&`v sQAhl a`sn sAK&`vt vd` v#dQkr g#nWm y. @d`n@m`~r\ @k`mQsm iqQrQyt gQy @qmL n`yk@y`~ sr\vjn Cn~qy lb`qWmt vQr#q~{ vRh.
ovRn~ e@s~ k@L~ sr\vjn Cn~qyw~ smg sQAhlyn~ bhRwry b#vQn~ r`j& mn~wYN sx`@v| sQAhl mn~wYW sAK&`v v#dQ@v| vQy yn bQy @h~wO@vnQ. @d`n@m`~r\ @k`mQsm vQsQn~ e~ vQr#q~{w` m#q sr\vjn Cn~qy lb`qEn~@n~ ovRn~ vQsQn~ evkt bQhQ krnR l#b sQtQ sQAhl h` @qmL n`ykyn~ g#n ovRn~t vQX~v`syk~ wQbR b#vQnQ. e@hw~ @qmL n`yk@y`~ wm stn aw~ @n`hLh. jW. jW. @p`n~m|blm| mhw` wm kSpYkt pnht pnh il~lWm iqQrQpw~ k@L~ @k@s~ @h`~ r`j& mn~wYN sx`@vhQ @qmL mn~wYWvr# bhRwry bvt pw~kr g#nWmt y. e@hw~ ev#nQ stkpt m`r\g@yn~ n`ykw~vyt pw~vWmt @n`h#kQ bv @w~r#m| g#nWm ohRt kl~gw vQy.
@s`~l~brQ @k`mQsm p#mQNQ avs~}`@vhQ q @qmL n`yk@y`~ wm v&`y`my aw~ @n`hLh. Cn~q @k`tQT`X @bqWm e~v`hQ Cn~qq`ykyn~ pYm`Ny nQr\Ny kQrWm a`qW kYQy` os~@s~ sQAhl mn~wYWn~ bhRwry bvt pw~vWm v#L#k~vWm @qmL n`ykyn~@g~ a@p~k;`v vQy. e@hw~ @m| a@p~k;`v itRkr qWmt @s`~l~brQ s`mQvry` pv` a@p`@h`sw~ vW a#w. avs`n@y~qW InQy` bhR mn~wYW a`sn lb`qW@mn~ @qmL a@p~k;` ym| pYm`Nykt @h`~ itRkQrWmt @s`~l~brQ s`mQvry` uw~s`h gw~@w~ y.
@m| pLmR yRg@y~ @qmL n`ykyn~@g~ a@p~k;`v vR@y~ mRU r@tQm n`ykw~vyt pw~vWmt y. e~ pQtRps vR@y~ sQAhlynt @m| r@tQ wmn~t hQmQ w#n lb` @n` qWm y. @mrt ann& sAs~k^wQyk~ @g`dn#gOv` vR q avRr#qE @qqhskt v#dQ iwQh`sykt hQmQkm| kWv` vRq, r@tQ jnghn@yn~ sQyyt h#w~w$phkt v#dQ vRq sQAhlyn~t h` ovRn~@g~ sAs~k^wQyt hQmQw#n lb` @n` qW@m| vRvmn`vk~ iAgQrQsWn~t q ovRn~@g~ sh`y, a`XQr\v`qy h` anRgYhy l#bR @qmL n`ykyn~t q vQy. vQ@X~;@yn~ m sQAhl @b_q~{ sAs~k^wQy ytpw~ kQrWmt h#kQnm| e~ vQn`X kQrW@m| avX&w`v iAgQrQsWn~t q k@w`~lQk h` kYQs~wQy`nQ n`yk pRjkvr#n~t q vQy.
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mh`c`r\y nlQn~ q sQl~v`
